'In your opinion, what are the key corporate governance issues Essay

'As you would like to think, what are the key corporate administration issues introduced for this situation and why' - Essay Example The fundamental job of corporate administration manages the administration procedure of the organization just as how the administration relates with a few gatherings that are keen on the tasks of the company, specifically; investors, representatives, executives, clients, banks and providers. Each association wants to have a decent corporate administration that isn't out to just limit the potential dangers of misrepresentation and disappointment yet in addition to improve the monetary presentation and its speculation atmosphere. Such administration relates open reserve funds, venture, respectability and market certainty making corporate administration a significant consideration so as to accomplish budgetary security and monetary development for quite a while. The partnership being referred to is the Royal Dutch/Shell Group which has remained the third biggest creation and oil creation on the planet. The size of the partnership makes corporate administration a significant factor as it utilizes more than 119, 000 representatives in excess of 145 nations (Evans, 2004). For quite a long time, Shell/Royal Dutch has been quick to keep up a decent situation among the top most worldwide organizations. Its corporate administration has for the most part been keen on the steadiness of the enterprise corresponding to its tasks and name. ... ation Governance Issues The statement by Royal Dutch/Shell Group that it was confronting swelled oil holds and that it proposed to minimize around four billion oil and gas saves came about to a tumult among industry investigators just as its financial specialists who came out firmly accusing the dark and complex administration structure that was twin-board for the issues confronting the gathering. Investigators and specialists guaranteed that this kind of structure needed appropriate responsibility just as came about to money related controls (Hanney, 2004). The primary company issue confronting the Royal Dutch/Shell Group is along these lines its administration structure that involved a twin board. This structure is accepted to have had a few provisos in its administration therefore the few issues related with the gathering. The resulting of the above was a progression of disturbance for the gathering. The open declaration of stores decrease guaranteed that the organization was enam ored with accusing human failings through its top administrators and not think of pundits on the shortcomings of the structure of Shell (Malin, 2004). The response of the gathering following the mounting pressure from its financial specialists was to found audits and perceive and valued that it had confused the association in abnormal manners yet at the same time demanded that it is a similar structure that had taken the gathering to the best statures for more than one hundred years in this way is supported by the legitimate systems and contrasting expense. The issues confronting Shell are an issue of the gathering as well as an issue confronting the worldwide gas and oil industry. Regal Dutch/Shell Group Governance Structure The principle issue confronting the administration of the gathering goes up to a portion of its senior officials who perceive that the enterprise saves were exaggerated. Notwithstanding this acknowledgment,

System Security Breaches-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.Search the web for news on Computer Security Breaches that happened during April-August 2017. Research one such revealed episode . Set up a report concentrating on what the issue was, the means by which and why it happened and what are the potential arrangements. 2.Research the May 2017 ransomware digital assault on the web and set up a report. Answers: Presentation Digital assault is an untrustworthy demonstration by the programmers doled out by states, people or gatherings that objectives to decimate or harm the metadata made sure about in a PC framework or in a foundation by methods for malevolent programming, ransomware-a particular kind, which claims cash to unblock access to a framework. Petya is one such ransomware, scrambling information on Microsoft-Windows systems.[1] This report explains the worldwide digital assault, regarding the news looked on the web, from the paper website THE GUARDIAN,[2] caused and gives potential answers for the equivalent. Conversation Petya, the ransomware scrambles the framework information, hinders the entrance to the boot record, and requests a payment in methods for bit-coin, an advanced key that reboots access to the framework. Either the casualties pay the payment or bear the cost of loosing the important information.[3] Initially, this malware was found in March 2016. Various types of the malware were seen proliferating to frameworks dependent on Microsoft-Windows through contaminated E-mail connections. Explicit contrasts were noted in this malware contrasted with the others, a later type of it being propelled with an auxiliary connection influencing regulatory booting. An ongoing worldwide Cyber-assault utilizing a variation of Petya began on 27 June 2017, focusing on Ukraine and Russia fundamentally. Kaspersky lab announced hints of contaminations in other influenced districts including France, Germany, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom and United States. Despite the fact that, this malware influenced inward systems, scientists from US pharmaceutical association Merck, delivering organization from Danish and Rosnoft - a Russian oil organization, found it to be a conceal digital offense against Ukraine.[4] Almost, in excess of 80 organizations were focused for harm including the national bank of Ukraine just as misshaped all the utilities in power workplaces, air terminals and open vehicle medium.[5] This terrifying ransomware has a method of activity that is field of conversation. Petya utilizes the genuine figured data from inside the transmitted information that holds enough potential to contaminate the ace booting framework known as the Master Boot Record (MBR), lavishly composing the windows boot-loader and afterward triggers a restart in the framework. Whenever one reboots the framework, the organized information executes itself. This encodes the fundamental record holder framework and following that the payment requesting message is shown in a spring up, the installment mode being in bit-coin as referenced already, adding up to $300. During this preparing, the windows document scanner framework produces a book on-screen demonstrating the continuous fix of the diverse hard-drive system.[6] The first calculation required the framework casualty to give regulatory favorable circumstances. In this unique circumstance, another variation of the malware, Mischa was connected with information or the underlying content, in a circumstance Petya couldn't introduce in prior variants with a joined PDF record. The not-Petya variant utilized for the 2017 digital assault, is a quick spread across associations tailing one influenced system.[7] This ransomware once more found a medium explicitly the Eternal-Blue, which is an assortment of information in grouping in type of language structures that in a hostile manner exploits a weakness of a product, for this situation, Microsoft-Windows and creates power more than ones framework or through the accessibility of managerial instruments. This malware is equipped for utilizing different strategies to spread across frameworks acquiring passwords and utilizing passwords connected with PSExec for code run on other LAN associations. This ransomware can't preclude its changes. Specialists reported this was not propelled with the aim to create benefit, fairly, centered around the boundless of the equivalent to cause quick harms and the media-consideration. As moderation, scientists and experts took a few measures over the globe asserting the revelation of approaches to perhaps, stop the procedure of encryption.[8] Kaspersky lap for an occasion, offered assistance recommending that the labs security programming was presently evolved to distinguish and restrain the malware. Different Anti-Virus organizations guarantee their product can give security against this malware disease, particularly, Symantec items with the refreshed adaptation 20170627.009. Establishment of Marchs Critical Patch gives a protective activity against the defenseless Windows highlight and vows to offer gatekeeper towards future assaults with variation tools.[9] Another advancement with respect to the answer for this assault was useful in either ways. The procedure right off the bat solicits the quick closed down from the framework when the presence of the chkdsk spring up and a proposed investigator making read-just records bearing the name perfc or perfc.dat in the Windows document framework can forestall the impact of the arranged information by restricting the execution. The supplier, Posteo, suspended the E-mail address as of now on the Ransom windows thusly confining the tainted the clients to make the installment. End In light of the different investigations, gave by specialists from assorted foundations it is inferred that it unquestionably not a moneymaking source rather, it is intended for the far reaching impact across nations and frameworks encoding significant segment records of a framework. The ransomware taints the significant record arrangement of a PC and stays stale for 60 minutes, it is fitting, while the rebooting happens, to turn it off to keep the documents from getting scrambled. The individual behind the assault masked the malware as a ransomware with an unadulterated aim of being ruinous particularly, to Ukraine government. 2.Introduction The primary portion of this current year saw bizarre measures of digital security penetrates. One such tumultuous ransomware discharge was the WannaCry Crypto-worm, focusing on the frameworks dependent on Microsoft Windows Operation.[10] This report gives a knowledge to the assault, its important subtleties and potential alleviations found. Conversation This ransomware critically scrambled documents and requested cash in digital money group, the utilization of bit-coins included. Cryptographic money is an advanced set-up including installments in type of bit-coins, which is the pre-owned cash. The assault started on a Friday, 12 May 2017, this underlying flare-up proceeded from 12 May to 15 May 2017.[11] Within the initiation of 24 hours, a report demonstrating the outcomes, created uniquely to feature, 230,000 PCs contaminated more than 150 nations. This ransomware specifically utilized the imperfection of Microsoft, which was for quite some time found by National Security Agency (NSA), was utilized for its hostile exercises and was spilled by programmers to generally spread the malware to square access to records. The malware camouflages as programming, advising the client that the documents have been scrambled with a notice of their cancellation if the necessary installment isn't made. Advance data about the techniques to purchas e the product and from this time forward, the goal to send the payoff to is given. Investigators allude to this as a worm as it has a vehicle marvel or instrument to bit by bit spread and contaminate a framework consequently. This code of access checks the information framework with trademark powerlessness especially as referenced beforehand, Eternal-Blue to pick up control on the document framework. On 19 May 2017, it was educated that the programmers made an endeavor an assault utilizing a variation of this ransomware, Mirai for a disseminated assault. Europol assessed because of the battle of this ransomware around 200,000 PC frameworks more than 150 nations roughly were infected.[12] Kaspersky lab examined about the four most influenced nations Russia, Ukraine, India and Taiwan. An unfriendly impact on the National Hospital Services (NHS) was seen, in England and Scotland. Different open utilities adding up to 70,000 gadgets comprehensive of PCs, MRI-scanners, blood stockpiling fridges and conceivable scope of dramatic equipments.[13] Many non-significant crises were killed, ambulances associated with NHS administrations were returned even of Wales and Ireland. Creation methods took a delay in the Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK in Tyne Wear, England after their framework contaminations. Another on the rundown was Renault to end its creation in different locales to keep away from the spreading of the ransomware.[14] Organization utilizing not-update of Microsoft working framework were unfavorably influenced, particularly, the ones with the more established form of XP, since no security patches were discharged since April 2014 in significance. Digital hazard arranged by Cyence outlined a financial loss of 44 billion while others evaluated it to be many millions. A whole of $130,634.77 including around 327 installments was recorded with respect to the payoff. WannaCry obviously started its assault in Asia. Accessing frameworks through SMB, it quickly spread in different systems. On execution the malware first outputs the killSwitch area, the nonappearance of the equivalent helped the product to scramble record framework. The payment requested was $300 bit-coins inside three days or a single amount of $600 in seven days. Ordained web addresses were given where the cash was to be sent, wallets, by the victims.[15] The infection execution procedure can be definitely divided into three sections right off the bat, the payload (mssecsvc.exe): this is the spread record, scrambling the fundamental document framework and executes malevolent conduct. Besides, the payoff program (taskche.exe): the program itself containing an encoded open key, the unscrambled adaptation being held by the assailant, which scrambles both the sub-private and open key and spares it. The AES key encodes the document substance to be spared as M2, which is furthe

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Usefulness of Coal

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Usefulness of Coal Sample TOEFL Integrated EssayThe QuestionThis integrated question is taken from a Korean textbook (Hackers Actual Test) which you probably cant buy. I am unable to provide the lecture and reading here for you, but if you need some practice tests I strongly recommend buying the Official TOEFL iBT Tests Collection. Its an excellent source of practice questions!Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayThe reading and the lecture are both about the effectiveness of coal as an energy source. The author of the reading believes that coal remains a very useful source of energy. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that coal has serious effects on both humans and the world around them, and therefore should no lon ger be used.First of all, the author claims that prices of other energy sources, such as fossil fuels, have increased dramatically. He notes that we have limited reserves of such fuel sources, but that coal exists in huge quantities. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that coal is an inefficient means of energy production in comparison to all other alternatives. She points out that for this reason coal should not be used, even though it is cheaper than other fuel sources.Secondly, the author states that coal is a reliable fuel source which has been used for hundreds of years. He argues that because coal has been used for such a long period, humans have discovered the most effective ways to utilize it. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that coal is known to pollute water supplies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that coal must be washed and prepared using toxic chemicals which are injected into underground mines after use. This, she says, pu ts water supplies at risk.Secondly, the author states that coal is a reliable fuel source which has been used for hundreds of years. He argues that because coal has been burned for such a long period, humans have discovered the most effective ways to utilize it. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that coal is known to pollute water supplies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that coal must be washed and prepared using toxic chemicals which are injected into underground mines after use. She posits that this puts water supplies at risk.NoteThis is a sample TOEFL personal preference essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for integrated essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

The Field Of School Psychology - 866 Words

The field of School Psychology started with the emergence of special education services in the early nineteen hundreds. Professionals were needed to assist with the selection and placement of children within such services. This led to the development of the profession of School Psychologists. However, it did not stop there it continued with Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon creating the â€Å"first practical intelligence test battery, which assessed higher level cognitive skills and produced substantial correlations with measures of school achievement.† (NYASP 2012) The development of group standardized tests was mainly influenced by World War 1. This development of individual ability and achievement tests assisted in defining the primary roles and functions of the first school psychologists. These tests were used in differentiating students with different abilities and achievement levels. They became the main instruments used by psychologists in school or educational settings. It wasn’t until 1945 that the American Psychological Association (APA) classified School Psychology as a specialty. The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) was then formed in 1969 allowing the profession a more secure establishment. It was during the 1980’s when the roles and functions of school psychologists changed from â€Å"assessment and placement intensive† to â€Å"preferential assessment, interventions, and at least secondary prevention for at risk groups.† (NYASP 2012) Relatively, theseShow MoreRelatedThe School Of Thought And The Field Of Psychology1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe school of thought and its central contribution to the field of psychology Carl Roger’s central contribution to the field of psychology involved his theory of personality. 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Economic Analysis of Jamaica - 1663 Words

The Economic Outlook for Jamaica 2012-2014 The Jamaican economy is based on the free market model, and has few restrictions on trade, investment and movement of currency. The major productive sectors over the years have included tourism, mining, agriculture, information technology telecommunications, manufacturing and the entertainment sector. Jamaica’s economy is presently very dependent on services, according to the CIA world fact book report of 2010, with it accounting for more than sixty (60%) of GDP. The country is also highly indebted and has a debt to GDP ratio of over 120%, indicating that based on Jamaica’s GDP it is extremely difficult for the country to pay off its increasing debt. Adding to this is the IMF loan†¦show more content†¦In terms of achieving economic growth there are several challenges facing the country, including high crime and corruption, high unemployment and underemployment, and the previously mentioned high debt to GDP ratio. Moreover the country highly depends on im ports for food, clothes, other consumer goods, industrial supplies, and also fuel which will have serious implications for Jamaica in the future. The Jamaican economy is at present heavily dependent on imported fuel and being a net importer of fuel the country is therefore susceptible to the instability of the world oil market - both in terms of supply and the price of oil. Jamaica is now trying to pick up the pieces and move forward after suffering from the global economic crisis. Unfortunately looking ahead the future does not seem to have a very positive outlook. There is a looming oil crisis forecasted to affect the global economy approximately in the period 2014-2015, signs of which are already present in 2011, for instance, looking at the crisis in Egypt it is a concern of many that this may have an impact on oil prices. 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The Mystery of Mba Essay That No One Is Discussing

The Mystery of Mba Essay That No One Is Discussing Obviously, to craft a really compelling essay, applicants must also display a robust and specific comprehension of how Wharton's program would permit them to accomplish their targets. The MBA thesis has to be well written, dependent on scholarly research and have to be backed by verifiable data. Some schools ask you to also speak about why you're interested in their precise program, as part of the very same prompt. For instance, if the company school requested a DOC, that is what you need to send. Business schools ask for essays for a number of reasons, all which help admissions committees determine whether you've got the abilities and traits to be successful in an MBA program. There are a few schools with admissions staff that genuinely appear to relish creating unusual questions. MBA admissions committees wish to be in a position to tell that you've got the qualities that are essential to be successful in business school, su ch as leadership abilities and integrity. First, they want to see how you write. Mba Essay - Overview Selecting a business to do your essay writing online is not ever an effortless task. After you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin searching for an appropriate writer for your paper. Is it true that your mba essay at the same time you require mba application essay or mba. Your application essay is a distinctive chance to assist you stick out from the crowd. Whether you opt to compose an essay or prepare a four slide presentation, have a step back from the special format and consider the question strategically. The previous option, a personal goal I wish to accomplish is is the sole option that limits you to a personal reaction. Nevertheless, there's one essential difference. 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The admission procedure is highly competitive and writing a fantastic essay can create an applicant stick out among other candidates with a similar background. Your essay must demonstrate that you're an industrious person who's not scared to undertake responsibilities and work hard for achievement of specific aim. Your MBA essays are your very best opportunity to sell the individual behind the resume. Mba Essay Secrets That No One Else Knows About In case the business school states the essay is optional, then you ought to DEFINITELY write one. Getting MBA essay writing service in Singaporemay look like a fantastic concept, but you could also draft a persuasive essay for your MBA admission if you're conscious of a couple of essential ideas. MBA Prep School's Essay Editors will offer you an advantage. As soon as it is more work, you will need to personalize your essays to every school you apply to. 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You don't need to inform your entire life story, but especially in response to questions that ask about your growth as time passes, you ought to showcase your personality and provide the admissions committee a concept of your own personal background and experiences. Business schools know your goals may change later on, but stating specific goals now will demonstrate that you've done your research and have an idea about what you need and how an MBA program will be able to help you get there. An MBA assignment covers a wide selection of subject matter that involves the company world of today. The GSU MBA delivers a wide grasp of the issues and strategies, along with a rigorous focus on analytical approaches. Its MBA program enjoys a wonderful reputation on the planet. Read the question carefully and be certain you are answering it. Do ensure that you're answering the question. Such questions need deep introspection for you to get to the core of your nature and influences. 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Mirror Mirror free essay sample

Tell us about personal, social or family challenges you have faced. How have you dealt with them and how have they shaped your thinking? What if this college essay was not our first impression? I wouldn’t know what you’d think of me if you saw me on the streets of Manhattan, or Brooklyn, or even Calcutta? But I have a pretty good guess what would be the first thing that comes into you mind if you saw me with my sister: twins. To my family it never occurred to them to find out whether my sister and I were identical or fraternal, they were too busy debating the methods of muzzles or duct-tape to make us stop screaming at each other. Yet this this puzzling enquiry that seems deeper than the quantum physics of the universe seems to follow me, no matter where I go or how old I get: Are you girls twins? My sister. We will write a custom essay sample on Mirror Mirror or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My sarcastic, romantically starved, comic-book loving, Tokyo-dreaming, pain in my gluteus maximus sister is the one person on this Earth who could drive me to the asylum in under six seconds and whom I can’t imagine my life without. She is the voice I count on in the middle of the night, and the sight more familiar than my own shadow. Most people don’t know this. Why should they? I live in New York, a city made of strangers who exit there simply to be know better. First impressions are sometimes the best-selling book you ride with on the subway, or the gorgeous smile that stops someone’s heartbeat. But the detail that has captured other people’s attention for my whole life, was the fact that I had a twin sister. Other people would ask you what your name was. Let me be honest, it hurts. People act like they discovered a rare animal or a parking space in the city, and suddenly I’m not a person who could have a great book or a fabulous smile, Iâ€℠¢m part of a set, like identical sweaters. Would you like feeling like a sweater, instead of a person? For years I didn’t know I felt like this. We played into their games, teasing teachers and friends to guess who we are, to know which one was who. And without ever realizing it, the world was divided into an â€Å"us† and a â€Å"them.† But who’s to blame? Innocent (not so much now) girls born into a world looking like the other, expecting people to always be able to tell us apart. But we never wanted the cliches. Neither of us ever wanted to be the Evil/ Good Twin, the Gemini, the clones, Doppelgangers, or sexual fantasy, which is truly ridiculous on so many levels. We never wanted to be part of this eternal game of compare/ contrast, who’s the smart one? Who’s the pretty one? Who’s nicer? Who’s better? If you ask what’s it being a twin, I’ll ask you what it’s like to breathe? It is my blessing and my cur se, and I love it because that’s how I was born. And it had made me work harder than the rest of the world to create my own identity, because I was not born with it. No one is. But there is hope in my beautiful family who has always been able to guess my name right; and in the fact that my sister recently cut her hair, which makes things a lot easier. There are so many things I know and don’t know. I know I was lucky enough to be born with my soul mate, but also have my own heart and mind. I do not know how I will change and allow myself to live in a role that isn’t always defined by my sister. But I do hope that you will read this, and think, and allow myself to find out more about myself at Hunter college.

Chapter 21 Flashcard

Chapter 21

Criminology essays

Criminology essays "There is no greater insight into the future than recognizing when we save our children, we save ourselves." So averred the noted anthropologist and sociologist, Margaret Mead. (Mead, 2003) Juvenile delinquency is a cause for concern in today's modern society. The incidents of April 20, 1999 from Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado put the consequences of juvenile delinquency into a new perspective. Two students, Dylan Klebold and Ryan Harris, who were, for all intents, intelligent and well adjusted went on a killing spree. They killed and injured several members of the school including a teacher. (Rosenberg, 2000) Then they turned the guns on themselves. Their plans were grandiose. After the massacre, they intended to flee the country. Once the furor had died down, new information showed that the two students were generally reticent, withdrawn and subjected to bullying by their peers, especially the physically stronger students. Klebold and Harris were emotionally and physically abused. Isolated, they developed a hatred Many such instances make news these days. While delinquency is not merely restricted to criminal behaviorit also encompasses other aberrant behaviorthe concern is that delinquency might escalate to hard crimes. This essay will analyze a seminal article on juvenile crime statisticsrates of juvenile crimes with respect to the general juvenile properties in different zones in Cook County and Chicago. The paper is important because the parameters studied were traced over a period of several decades through three different studies. The reason this study merited inclusion in one of the foremost compendium of papers on crime is because of the sociological implications of these studi...

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Philosophy - Assignment Example This statement proves the logical induction from the general premise. Inductive reasoning is also known as hypothesis construction because any conclusions made are based on educated predictions. The problem here is that there is an inherent bias in the search for the conclusion that supports the initial hypothesis. Humans are innately inclined to act in such ways, which is commonly referred to as confirmation bias. An argument is valid if it is impossible for its premises to be true while its conclusion is false. In other words, the conclusion must be true if the premises, whatever they may be, are true. An argument can be valid even though the premises are false. This article uses the example of an argument that uses a signal word within the premise. Specifically the term â€Å"Tea Party† is leveraged in the following statement: â€Å".Sen. Scott Brown has thrown his tea party supporters â€Å"under the bus† with his recent critiques of some Republican budget cut proposals, a movement leader said Friday.† This article uses a conclusion signal word which is indicated in the following statement. â€Å"Even as the economy slowly adds jobs, many Americans will remain unemployed for years on end†. The signal word here is unemployment and can be substituted with the term

Crime prevention project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime prevention project - Essay Example The crime rate in the world has increased considerably over the years at a remarkable rate. To overcome this matter and to cope up with this increasing crime rate and to ensure a better standard and quality of life many crime prevention strategies have been initiated. These crime prevention programs have been formulated so as to finish all sorts of crime from grass root level whatever they may be. The need for such crime prevention programs has been since long but work on these programs just began about two decades ago.These programs only started when people started to realize that arrest and punishment was not the only way out of crimes because punishment can only be awarded when a person has already committed a crime. To cut off the roots of crime it is essential to stop the crime from being committed and this is what exactly the motive of these programs is.One such crime prevention program is crime prevention through environmental design also known as the CPTED. This program is ai med not only to decrease crime but also to fill up all the loopholes which may lead to any crime that is making the chances for a crime to be committed almost negative. Its objective is to keep a check on all the different aspects which can lead to a crime and to check on for any suspicious behavior. The CPTED involves people from all those fields who play a role in the designing of an environment. The reason behind this is that these people can change the outlook of an environment and create an atmosphere where no wrong can be committed. This group of people includes engineers, architects, law enforcement personnel, people of the environment who may voluntarily wish to give support for the prevention of crime as well as interior designers (Angel 1968). The different approaches which have been taken up by the CPTED are natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement, natural access control and target hardening. The natural surveillance technique provides for methods that help keep a proper eye on everything that goes around. It suggests upon developing proper lighting everywhere and especially on those points which are sensitive for instance around ATMs and sidewalks. The windows should be designed in a manner so that they face the sidewalks so that everyone who is leaving and coming can be kept an eye upon. Closed circuit television that is CCTV's should be installed for better security (Atlas 2008). The natural access control again provides for measures of protection. It stresses upon keeping everything under security. Heavy bolts for residential doors, single entrances so that proper eye can be kept and residential designs with no access to roofs from outside as well as placing thorny bushes with low windows are recommendations of the natural access control. The natural territorial reinforcement lays stress upon properly indicating private semi-private and public areas. This tends to provide for better looking after opportunities. It also suggests that tree s should be planted in residential areas and eats and benches should be created at most of the locations so that people can have proper access and thus creating public spots. This would lead to increased surveillance. Target hardening focuses upon all the entry and exit points of the areas and urges for tight security at these points (Perth, 2006). CPTED is influenced by the different kinds of behaviors shown by different individuals. CPTED has been implemented specifically to change these behavior exhibited by different individuals through its scheme of designing the environment. The way in which the environment is designed through CPTED discourages the prime wrong doers from committing any unlawful action. However researchers have criticized the functioning of this program. They have termed it as a program which emphasizes on the physical aspects rather than the prevention of criminal activities. Further research shows that CPTED has not directly affected the wrong doers. It has not directly prevented them from committing such

Functions of Strategic Management and Theories of Management

Functions of Strategic Management and Theories of Management Introduction Strategic management is one of the most key human activities. From the time human beings began forming social organizations to accomplish aims and objectives they could not achieve as persons, managing has been necessary to ensure the ordination of individual efforts. As society constantly relied on group effort, and as any organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity. Henceforth, managerial theory has become crucial in the way managers manage composite organizations. The middle theory of this paper is that although some managers in different parts of the world could have achieved managerial success without having basic theoretical knowledge in management, it has to be clearly emphasized that those managers who have mixed management theory in their day-to-day practice, have had better chances of managing their organizations more professionally and effectively to achieve both individual and organizational objectives. Therefore, managers of modern organizations ought to appreciate the important role they play in their respective organizations if they are to achieve set goals. Secondly, there is need to promote excellence among all persons in organizations, especially among managers themselves. Definition of strategic Management Management is the art, or science, of achieving goals through people. Since managers also manage, management can be interpret to mean accurately making sure people do hat they are supposed to do. Managers are therefore, expected to ensure greater productivity or, using the current terms, continuous improvement more broadly, management is the process of designing and maintain an environment in which persons, working together in groups, efficiently achieve selected aims . In its expanded form, this basic definition means several things. First, as managers, people carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Second, management applies to any kind of organization. Third, management applies to managers at all organizational levels. Fourth, the aim of all managers is the same to create extra. Finally, managing is concerned with output this implies efficiency and efficiency.      Strategic Management Objectives, Functions, Goals, and Essentiality Management Objectives There are fundamentally three management objectives. One objective is ensuring Organizational goals and targets are met with least cost and smallest amount waste. The second objective is looking after health and welfare, and safety of staff. The third purpose is caring the mechanism and resources of the organization, including the human resources. Strategic Management Functions To understand management, it is imperative that we break it down into five managerial functions, namely, planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Planning: Planning involves selecting missions and objectives and the actions to achieve them. It requires managerial, choosing future courses of act from among alternatives. Plans range from overall purposes and objectives to the most detailed actions to be taken. No real plan exists until a decision a obligation of human and material resources has been made. In other words, before a decision is made, all that exists is planning study, analysis, or a suggestion; there is no real plan. People working together in groups to achieve some goal must have roles to play. Generally, these roles have to be defined and structured by someone who wants to make sure that people put in in a specific way to group effort. Organizing: It is that part of management that involves establishing an intentional arrangement of roles for people to fill in an organization. Intentional in that all tasks essential to accomplish goals are assign and assigned to people who can do those best. Indeed, the purpose of an organizational structure is to help in creating an environment for human act. However, designing an organizational structure is not an easy managerial task because many problems are encountered in making structures fit situations, including both refining the kind of jobs that must be done and finding the people to do them. Staffing involves filling, and keeping filled, the positions in the organization structure. Leading: Leading is the influencing of people so that they will give to organization and group goals; it has to do mostly with the interpersonal aspect of managing. Most important problems to managers arise from people their needs and attitudes, their behavior as individuals and in groups. Hence, effective managers need to be effective leaders. Leading involve motivation, Controlling: Controlling, for example, budget for expense, is the measure and correct of behavior of subordinates to ensure that events conform to plans. It measures performance against goals and plans, shows where negative deviations exist, and, by putting in motion actions to correct deviation, helps ensure achievement of plans. Even though planning must precede controlling, plans are not self-achieving. Plans guide managers in the use of resources to accomplish specific goals, then activities are checked to determine whether hey conform to the plans. Compelling events to conform to plans means locating the persons who are liable for results that differ from planned action and then taking the required steps to improve performance. Thus, controlling what people do controls organizational outcomes. Coordinating: Finally, coordination is the essence of manager-ship for achieving synchronization among individual efforts toward the accomplishment of group goals. Each of the managerial functions discussed earlier on is an exercise causative to coordination. Because individuals often interpret similar interests in different ways, and their efforts in the direction of mutual goals do not automatically network with the efforts of others, it, thus, becomes the central task of the manager to reconcile differences in approach, timing, effort, or interest, and to go with individual goals to add to organizational goals. Although these management functions concern the internal environment for performance within an organization, managers must operate in the external environment of an organization as well. Clearly, managers cannot perform their tasks well unless they have an understanding of, and are responsive to, the many elements of the external environment economic, technological, social, political, and ethical factors that affect their areas of operation. Goals of All Managers First and prime, the logical and publicly enviable aim of all managers in all kinds of organizations, whether business or non-business, should be a spare. Thus, managers must set up an environment in which people can accomplish group goals with the least amount of time, money, resources, and personal discontent or in which they can achieve as much as possible of a desired goal with existing resources. In a non-business venture such as units of a business, such as an accounting department that are not responsible for total business profits, managers still have goals and should strive to achieve them with the minimum of resources or to accomplish as much as possible with available resources. A manager who achieves such an aim is said to be a strategic manager. The second goal or aim of all managers is that they must be creative. The: Essentiality of Management in Any Organization Managers are charged with the duty of taking actions that will make it possible for individuals to make their best help to group objectives. Thus, management applies to small and large organizations, to profit and not for-profit enterprises, to industrialized as well as service industries. However, a given situation may differ considerably among various levels in an organization or various types of enterprises. The scope of right held may vary and the types of problems dealt with may be significantly different. All managers obtain results by establishing an environment for effective group endeavor. In addition, all managers carry out managerial functions. However, the time spent for each function may differ. Thus, top-level managers spend more time on planning and organizing than do lower-level managers. Leading, on the other hand, takes a great deal of time for first-line supervisors. The distinction in the amount of time spent on controlling varies only slightly for managers at various levels. The manager is, therefore, the dynamic, life-giving element in every business. Without the leadership of the manager, resources of production remain mere resources and never become production. In a aggressive economy, the quality and performance of the managers determine the success of a business, indeed, they establish its survival. Managerial Skills and the Organizational Hierarchy Mangers require four main kinds of skills, namely: technical, human, and theoretical and design. What does each of these skills mean? Technical skill is knowledge of and skill in activities involving methods, processes, and procedures. Thus, it involves working with tools and specific techniques. Human skill is the ability to work with people; it is cooperative effort, is cooperation, it is the creation of an environment in which people feel secure and free to convey their opinions. For purposes of explanation, technical skills are of greatest importance at the supervisory level and less at the middle-management level, human skills in the frequent interactions with subordinates at all levels, theoretical skills not critical for lower-level supervisors but gain in importance at the middle-management level. At the top management level, conceptual and design abilities and human skills are especially valuable, but there is relatively little need for technical abilities. The assumption, especially in large companies, those chief executives can utilize the technical abilities of their subordinates. In smaller firms, however, technical experience may still be quite important. Why Study Management Theory? Theories are perspectives with which people make sagacity of their world experiences. Theory is a methodical grouping of interdependent concepts mental images of anything formed by simplification from particular and principles are generalizations or hypotheses that are tested for accuracy and appear to be true to reflect or explain real it that give a structure to, or tie together, a significant area of knowledge. Increase data are not in sequence unless the observer has knowledge of the theory that will explain relationships. However, the variety of approaches to management study, the welter of research, and the number of opposing views have resulted in much confusion as to what management is, what management theory and science is, and how managerial events should be analyzed. Principles in management are fundamental truths, explaining affairs between two or more sets of variables, usually an independent variable and a dependent variable. Principles may be descriptive or predictive, and not narrow. That is, they describe how one variable relates to another what will happen when these variables oblige. Managers who apply theory to managing must usually blend values with realities. Once managers know about theory, they will have the capacity to forestall future problems that may occur in the enterprise. At this point it is worth distinctive management theory from management techniques. Contrary to the theory we have discussed above, techniques are essentially ways of doing things; methods of accomplishing a given result. In all fields of practice, including management, they are important. Management Theories Modern theories of management tend to account for and help construe the rapidly changing nature of todays organizational environments. This document will deal with several important management theories which are broadly classified as follows: The Scientific Management School comprising the mechanism of Frederick W. Taylor and Jillian Gilbreths motion study, between others, the Classical Organizational Theory School comprising the works of Henri Fayols views on administration, and Max Webers dealized administration, among others, Behavioral School comprising the work of Elton Mayo and his associates, the Management Science School which I discuss at the end of his section, and Recent Developments in Management Theory comprising works such as Systems. Scientific Management School The first management theory is what is generally referred to as Frederick Taylors Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor started the time of modern management. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, he was decrying the awkward, ineffective, or ill-directed movements of men as national loss. Taylor consistently sought to depose management by rule of thumb and replace it with actual timed explanation leading practice. He also advocated the systematic training of workers in the one best practice other than allowing them personal discretion in their tasks. He further believed that the workload would be evenly shared between the workers and Classical Organizational Theory School In this category of management theory are the works of Max Webers practical theory and Henri Fayols managerial theory. Weber postulated that western civilization was shifting from thinking, moving action act derived from emotions, and traditional action action derived from past precedent to thinking. He believed that society was changing to seek technically optimal results at the expense of emotional or humanistic content. Weber then developed a set of principles for an ideal bureaucracy as follows: Fixed and official jurisdictional areas, a firmly prepared hierarchy of fantastic and subordination, management based on written records, thorough and expert training, official activity taking priority over other actions and that management of a given association follows stable, knowable rules. The establishment was envisioned as a large machine for attaining its goals in the most efficient manner possible. However, Weber was cautious of bureaucracy when he observed that the more fully realize, the more bureaucracy depersonalizes itself, the more completely it succeeds in achieving the exclusion of love, hatred, and every purely personal, especially irrational and limitless, feeling from execution of official tasks. Hence, Weber predicted a completely impersonal organization with little human level interaction between its members. Behavioral School The key scholar under this class is Elton Mayo. The origin of behavioral is the human relations movement that was a result of the Hawthorne Works Experiment carried out at the Western Electric Company, in the United States of America that started in the early 1920s. Elton Mayo and his associates experiments disproved Taylors beliefs that science dictate that the highest productivity was found in the one best way and that way could be obtained by controlled test. The Hawthorne studies attempted to determine the effects of lighting on worker productivity. When this experiment showed no clear link between light level and productivity the experiments then started looking at other factors. These factors that were considered when Mayo was working with a group of women incorporated rest breaks, no rest breaks, no free meals, more hours in the work-day/work-week or fewer hours in the workday/ work-week. With each of these changes, productivity went up. When the women were put back to their o riginal hours and conditions, they set a efficiency record. These experiments proved five things. Recent Developments in Management Theory Under this category of theory are the system Approach, Situational or possibility theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building theory. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and considerate organizations. A system is a collection f part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as have inputs. system share advice among each of these four aspects of the system. Management as Practice Managing, like all other practice whether medication, music work of art, engineering, accountancy, or even baseball is an art, it is know-how. It is doing things in the light of the reality of a position. Yet managers can work better by using the organized information about management. It is this knowledge that constitutes science. However, the science underlying managing is fairly crude and inexact. This is true because the many variables with which managers deal are really complex. Yet, such management knowledge can certainly improve managerial practice. Managers who attempt to manage without management science must put their trust to luck, intuition, or what they did in the past. In managing, as in any other field, unless practitioners are to learn by trial and error, there is no place they can turn for meaningful guidance other than the accumulated knowledge underlying their practice, this accumulated knowledge is theory. For practical purposes, all managers must develop three s ets of skills, namely, conceptual, technical, and human. Conclusion In end, it has to be restated that management is the procedure of designing and maintain an environment for the reason of efficiently accomplish preferred aims. Managers carry out the functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Managing is a necessary activity at all executive level. However, the managerial skills necessary vary with organizational levels. The progress of management theory involves the growth of concepts, philosophy, and techniques. There are many theories about management, and each contributes something to our knowledge of what managers do. Each approach or theory has its own chacteristics and recompense as well as limitations. The prepared, or management procedure, pproach draws on each and methodically integrates them. Finally, the organization is an open system that operates in and interacts with the environment. The systems advance to management includes inputs from the outer environment and from claimants, the alteration process, the communication system, external factors, outputs, and a way to recuperate the system. No doubt, a manager who makes serious attempts to translate theory into reality is bound to increase productivity more than a manager who chooses to use the error approach. BIBLIOGRAPHY Homans G. C. (1958) The Human Group (New York: Harcout, Brace and World). Fleet David D. Van and Peterson Tim O. (1994) Contemporary Management (Houghton Mifflin Company), Third Edition. Koontz Harold (1961) The Management Theory Jungle, in Journal of the Academy of Management, December. Koontz Harold (1962) Making Sense of Management Theory, in Harvard Business Review, July-August. Koontz Harold (1980) The Management Theory Revisited, in Academy of Management Review, April. Koontz Harold and Weihrich Heinz (1990) Essentials of Management, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill. Stoner James A. F., Freeman R. Edward, and Gilbert, Jr. Daniel R. (2003) Management (New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India), Sixth Edition.

Importance of Seasons in Kawabatas Snow Country Essay examples -- Kaw

Importance of Seasons in Kawabata's Snow Country    In his novel Snow Country, Yasunari Kawabata depicts a relationship between two people in the mountainous region of Japan. Shimamura, a businessman from Tokyo, visits a village in the snow country and develops a relationship with Komako, a geisha in that village. Their relationship is the central focus of the novel, as it changes each time Shimamura leaves for Tokyo and returns. Kawabata uses the changing of the seasons to reflect these changes in relationship. Since the novel is set in the snow country, the seasons have specific characteristics, and these parallel the relationship between the two central characters. Spring is a time of new beginnings in the snow country because of the new sprouts that begin to grow after the winter has covered the ground with snow and killed all the old plants. Shimamura first comes in the spring, and the relationship begins as a friendship because of Shimamura's view of Komako as a new sprout and his feeling that it is his duty to prot ect her. Fall is a time of transition, both for nature and for the relationship. As the trees in the snow country begin to lose their leaves and change into another version of themselves, Shimamura and Komako do also, creating a sense of romance that seems more and more distant as they grow apart. Winter is a time of bitter cold in the snow country, and this is reflected in the coldness brought into Shimamura and Komako's relationship. They argue often during winter, and Shimamura becomes intrigued by Komako's rival Yoko, a maid for the inn at which he stays, and the relationship becomes merely professional. The relationship between Shimamura and Komako undulates constantly with the pass... ...Shimamura's protection. The snow country becomes unbelievably cold in the winter, and darkness surrounds the land as all the plants are covered by snow and the land becomes a barren wasteland. Shimamura and Komako feel this coldness in their relationship, as the distance between them produces feelings of bitterness. Darkness encompasses their relationship as Shimamura's new attraction to Yoko is halted by her death. The relationship between Shimamura and Komako is a tumultuous one, fluctuating from an intimate friendship to merely a professional connection. These changes correlate with the changing of the seasons, and thus Kawabata uses the shifts between seasons in the snow country of Japan as an allegory for the central relationship of the novel.    Works Cited: Kawabata, Yasunari. Snow Country. Berkley Publishing Corporation: New York, NY 1956.

Biology Lab Report Ib Hl Osmosis

Biology Lab Report 2 Investigating the phenomenon of Osmosis in plant tissues: Potato in different concentrations of NaCl Tutor: Maria Tsaousidou By Marina Gkritzioudi Biology Lab Report 2 Investigating the phenomenon of Osmosis in plant tissues: Potato in different concentrations of NaCl Tutor: Maria Tsaousidou By Marina Gkritzioudi Investigating the phenomenon of Osmosis in plant tissues: Potato in different concentrations of NaCl Introduction: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from low concentration to high concentration. Research Question:How does the concentration of salt (NaCl) affect the mass of a potato soaked in water (H2O) with different concentrations of NaCl over the course of 30 minutes? Hypothesis: It is expected that the solution with the highest concentration of salt will cause more mass loss to the pieces of potato. The pieces that will be placed in the solution with the lowest concentration of salt will have small weight los s. Finally, the pieces that will be placed in water (NaCl concentration 0) will gain weight. This is expected because of the phenomenon of osmosis which was examined in a previous lab. Variables:Independent: concentration (%) of salt (NaCl) Dependent: mass (g) change Controlled: * shape and material of the beakers * size and weight of the potato pieces * volume of the aqueous solution The beakers need to be of the same size, of the same shape and of the same material, either plastic or glass. The size of the potato pieces needs to be the same in order for the surface to volume ratio to be the same and the initial weight of the pieces should also be the same so that the mass change can be compared. Since this is not always possible, we calculate percentages and make the pieces approximately the same.Lastly, the volume of the water solutions should be the same in all beakers so that the osmotic effect will only depend on the concentration dissolved in the solution. Materials: 5 beaker s sized: 250cm3 (Â ±0. 5cm3) Tap Water Potato Knife Weigh balance (Â ±0. 01g) Salt (NaCl) Watch glass Spatula Timer (Â ±0. 1sec) Volumetric cylinder Procedure: Step 1: Line up the five beakers and with the help of a volumetric cylinder add 100cm3 of water (H2O) in all of them. Step 2: Place the watch glass on the weigh balance and after zeroing it, measure four different concentrations of salt by adding it with the spatula.Start by measuring 0. 5% of NaCl, then 1%, then 3%, and finally 5% and add each one in a different beaker. Step 3: Stir the solutions using the spatula in order for the salt to dissolve. Step 4: Take a potato and after peeling it with the knife, cut it into 10 same size small pieces. Step 5: Measure each one of the 10 pieces and in order to equalize their mass chop, or scrape off some of the piece if needed. Step 6: Record the initial mass of the potato pieces and place 2 potatoes in each beaker. Step 7: After 15min take each of the pieces out of the beakers an d measure its weight and record it.Step 8: Repeat Step 7 after 30min and after 35min in order to get the rate at which the mass changes. Data Collection: Table 1: Mass measurements of the potato pieces in solutions with different NaCl concentrations over the course of 35min | Time in min| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 0. 5% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 1% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 3% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 5% NaCl concentration | Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 0% NaCl concentration| | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 1| Trial 2| 0| 1. 76| 1. 76| 1. 76| 1. 76| 1. 76| 1. 6| 1. 76| 1. 76| 1. 76| 1. 76| 15| 1. 80| 1. 80| 1. 63| 1. 63| 1. 57| 1. 57| 1. 58| 1. 58| 1. 95| 1. 95| 30| 1. 80| 1. 80| 1. 54| 1. 54| 1. 50| 1. 50| 1. 51| 1. 51| 1. 97| 1. 97| 35| 1. 79| 1. 79| 1. 52| 1. 45| 1. 49| 1. 42| 1. 48| 1. 45| 1. 98| 1. 98| Data Processing: In Table 2 the average mass of the measurements of the two trials from Tabl e 1 over the course of 35min is shown. The information in the table was a result of adding the measurements from both of the trials, at a specific time, and dividing this sum by two. For example, in the 5mol dm-3 NaCl concentration the mass (g) after 35min was 1. 8g in the 1st trial and 1. 45g in the 2nd trial (see Table 1). The average of these two measurements for the time of 35min, in concentration 0. 5mol dm-3 NaCl, is found by adding them and dividing their sum by two: (1. 48+1. 45)? 2=1. 465, rounded to 1. 47g. Table 2: The average mass measurements of the potato pieces in solutions with different NaCl concentrations over the course of 35min| Time in min| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 0. 5%3 NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 1% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 3% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 5% NaCl concentration | Mass(g)(Â ±0. 1) in 0% NaCl concentration| 0| 1. 76| 1. 76| 1. 76| 1. 76| 1. 76| 15| 1. 80| 1. 63| 1. 57| 1. 58| 1. 95| 30| 1. 80| 1. 54| 1. 50| 1. 51| 1. 97| 35| 1. 79| 1. 49| 1. 46| 1. 47| 1. 98| In Table 3 the average mass change of the measurements over the course of 35min is shown. This is calculated by subtracting the initial measurement of the average mass of the pieces of potato (measurements of 0min shown in Table 2), which are submerged in different solutions with different salt concentrations, from the final measurement of the mass of potato present in the same concentration (measurements of 35min shown in Table 2).For example, the average mass change over the course of 35min in NaCl concentration of 05mol dm-3 is found by subtracting the first average measurement of the mass, 1. 79g, from the final average mass, 1. 76g: 1. 79-1. 76=0. 03g. Table 3: Average potato mass change in each solution over the course of 35 minutes| | Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 0. 5% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 1% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 3% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 5% NaCl concentration | Mass (g)(Â ±0. 01) in 0% NaCl concentration| Mass (g) change (Â ±0. 01)| 0. 03| -0. 27| -0. 30| -0. 29| 0. 22|When the mass change is a positive number, this means that the mass of the specimen, the potato piece, increased from the initial mass. On the contrary, when the mass change is a negative number, this means that the mass decreased from the initial mass that was first measured before it was submerged in the solution. In Table 4 the rate at which the mass increases or decreases in the five different solutions is shown. This is calculated by dividing the absolute average mass change of each solution (shown in Table 3) and dividing it by the maximum time used in the experiment, which is 35min.For example, the rate at which the mass drops or increases in the 0. 5mol dm-3 NaCl concentration solution is shown by taking |0. 03| (Table 3) and dividing it by 35min: |0. 03|? 35=8. 6*10-4g/min. Table 4: Rate at which the mass increases or decreases. | | In 0. 5% NaCl concentration solution | In 1% NaCl concentration solution| In 3% NaCl concentration solution| In 5% NaCl concentration solution| In 0% NaCl concentration solution| Average mass (g)/time (min)| 8. 57*10-4| 7. 71*10-3| 8. 57*10-3| 8. 28*10-3| 6. 28*10-3| In Table 5 the percentage% mass change is shown.This is calculated by subtracting the average initial mass measurement from the average final one, dividing it by the average initial mass and multiplying it by 100. For example, the percentage% mass change in the 0. 5mol dm-3 NaCl concentration solution is calculated like this: [(1. 79-1. 76)/1. 76]*100=1. 70%. Table 5: Percentage% mass change| | Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 0. 5% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 1% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 3% NaCl concentration| Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 5% NaCl concentration | Mass(g)(Â ±0. 01) in 0% NaCl concentration| Percentage%Mass change| 1. 0| -15. 34| -17. 04| -16. 47| 12. 5| Graph 1: Mass changes of potato pieces bathed in NaCl solutions Graph 2: Ra te at which the mass in each solution increases or decreases Conclusion: The data collected confirmed the hypothesis that that the solute with the highest concentration of salt will cause more mass loss to the pieces of potato, the pieces that will be placed in the solute with the lowest concentration of salt will have small weight loss, and the pieces that will be placed in water (NaCl concentration 0) will gain weight thus increasing in mass.After observing the changes in the mass of the potato pieces we can tell that the higher the concentration of salt in the water, the more the mass of plants will decrease because of osmosis. The lower the concentration of salt in water, the more the mass of the plants will increase or just decrease but not dramatically. If we submerge a plant in water with no NaCl dissolved in it, the mass of the plant will increase, because water molecules will move from the low concentration solute to the high, thus entering the plant tissue and increasing i ts mass and weight.Also, time wise, the more the plant specimen soaks in the solutions the more its mass will relatively increase or decrease. Lastly, from the first graph it can be estimated that at concentration 4. 2% the potato in the NaCl solution will reach equilibrium, thus the concentration will be the same inside and outside of the potato. Limitations: There are some limitations to this experiment that prevent the results from being perfect. First of all there was not enough time to repeat the experiment and because the lab was crowded there was no time to chop more han two pieces of potato for each beaker so only two trials were performed instead of three or five. Secondly, the sizes the potatoes were chopped in were not exactly the same because more attention was given to having the same mass and thus neglecting the size which leads to different surface to volume ratio and affects the results. Thirdly, the timer that was used was the classroom clock and therefore the time at which the pieces or potato were measured were not very accurate.Improvements: In order to improve the results of this experiment, it is necessary that some changes be made. Firstly, a tool should be found that will allow potato pieces to be chopped in the same size so that the surface to volume ratio will be the same and not change, thus affecting the results. A proper timer should be used to count the time intervals. Lastly, more repetitions, at least 3, need to be made so that the results are more precise.

The American Dream Worth Dreaming During The Great Depression

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